1 エグゼクティブ・サマリー
2 序文
2.1 概要
2.2 ステークホルダー
2.3 調査範囲
2.4 調査方法
2.4.1 データマイニング
2.4.2 データ分析
2.4.3 データの検証
2.4.4 リサーチアプローチ
2.5 リサーチソース
2.5.1 一次調査ソース
2.5.2 セカンダリーリサーチソース
2.5.3 前提条件
3 市場動向分析
3.1 はじめに
3.2 推進要因
3.3 抑制要因
3.4 機会
3.5 脅威
3.6 アプリケーション分析
3.7 新興市場
3.8 Covid-19の影響
4 ポーターズファイブフォース分析
4.1 供給者の交渉力
4.2 買い手の交渉力
4.3 代替品の脅威
4.4 新規参入の脅威
4.5 競争上のライバル関係
5 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場(軌道別
5.1 はじめに
5.2 地球低軌道(LEO)
5.3 中軌道(MEO)
5.4 静止地球軌道(GEO)
6 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場(ペイロード別
6.1 はじめに
6.2 200kg未満
6.3 200kg以上500kg未満
6.4 500kg以上
7 民間衛星打上げサービスの世界市場:サイズタイプ別
7.1 はじめに
7.2 超小型
7.3 小型
7.4 中型
7.5 大型
8 民間衛星打上げサービスの世界市場(打上げロケットサイズ別
8.1 はじめに
8.2 大型ロケット
8.3 中型ロケット
8.4 小型ロケット
9 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場:用途別
9.1 はじめに
9.2 ナビゲーション
9.3 通信
9.4 偵察
9.5 気象予報
9.6 リモートセンシング
9.7 その他の用途
10 民間衛星打上げサービスの世界市場(地域別
10.1 はじめに
10.2 北米
10.2.1 アメリカ
10.2.2 カナダ
10.2.3 メキシコ
10.3 ヨーロッパ
10.3.1 ドイツ
10.3.2 イギリス
10.3.3 イタリア
10.3.4 フランス
10.3.5 スペイン
10.3.6 その他のヨーロッパ
10.4 アジア太平洋
10.4.1 日本
10.4.2 中国
10.4.3 インド
10.4.4 オーストラリア
10.4.5 ニュージーランド
10.4.6 韓国
10.4.7 その他のアジア太平洋地域
10.5 南米
10.5.1 アルゼンチン
10.5.2 ブラジル
10.5.3 チリ
10.5.4 その他の南米地域
10.6 中東・アフリカ
10.6.1 サウジアラビア
10.6.2 アラブ首長国連邦
10.6.3 カタール
10.6.4 南アフリカ
10.6.5 その他の中東・アフリカ地域
11 主要開発
11.1 契約、パートナーシップ、提携、合弁事業
11.2 買収と合併
11.3 新製品上市
11.4 事業拡大
11.5 その他の主要戦略
12 企業プロフィール
SpaceX (Space Exploration Technologies Corp.)
Arianespace SA
Blue Origin
LLC
United Launch Alliance (ULA)
Rocket Lab USA, Inc.
Northrop Grumman Corporation
Virgin Orbit
Lockheed Martin Corporation
Boeing Defense
Space & Security
China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC)
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Eurockot Launch Services GmbH
Sierra Nevada Corporation
Roscosmos
Korea Aerospace Research Institute
Firefly Aerospace, Inc.
NorthStar Earth & Space
Avio S.p.A. and OneWeb Satellites.
表一覧
表1 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:地域別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表2 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:軌道別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表3 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:低軌道(LEO)別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表4 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:中軌道(MEO)別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表5 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:静止地球軌道(GEO)別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表6 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:ペイロード別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表7 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:200kg未満別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表8 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:200kg以上500kg未満別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表9 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:500kg超別 (2022-2030年) ($MN)
表10 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:サイズタイプ別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表11 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:マイクロサイズ別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表12 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:小型(2022-2030年)別 ($MN)
表13 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:中型(2022-2030年)別 ($MN)
表14 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:規模別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表15 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:打上げロケットサイズ別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表16 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:大型ロケット別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表17 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:中型ロケット別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表18 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:小型ロケット別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表19 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:用途別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表20 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:ナビゲーション別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表21 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:通信別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表22 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:偵察機別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表23 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:天気予報別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表24 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:リモートセンシング別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表25 商業衛星打上げサービスの世界市場展望:その他の用途別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表26 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:国別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表27 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:軌道別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表28 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:低軌道(LEO)別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表29 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:中軌道(MEO)別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表30 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:静止地球軌道(GEO)別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表31 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:ペイロード別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表32 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:200kg未満別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表33 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:200kg以上500kg未満別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表34 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:500kg超別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表35 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:サイズタイプ別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表36 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:マイクロサイズ別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表37 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:小型(2022-2030年)別 ($MN)
表38 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:中型(2022-2030年)別 ($MN)
表39 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:大型(2022-2030年)別 ($MN)
表40 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:打上げロケットサイズ別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表41 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:大型ロケット別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表42 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:中型ロケット別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表43 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:小型ロケット別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表44 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:用途別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表45 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:ナビゲーション別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表46 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:通信別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表47 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:偵察別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表48 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:天気予報別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表49 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:リモートセンシング別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表50 北米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:その他の用途別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表51 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:国別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表52 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:軌道別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表53 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:低軌道(LEO)別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表54 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:中軌道(MEO)別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表55 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:静止地球軌道(GEO)別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表56 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:ペイロード別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表57 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:200kg未満別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表58 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:200kg以上500kg未満別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表59 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:500kg超別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表60 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:サイズタイプ別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表61 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:マイクロサイズ別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表62 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:小型(2022-2030年)別 ($MN)
表63 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:中型(2022-2030年)別 ($MN)
表64 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:大型(2022-2030年)別 ($MN)
表65 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:ロケットサイズ別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表66 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:大型ロケット別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表67 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:中型ロケット別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表68 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:小型リフトロケット別(2022~2030年) ($MN)
表69 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:用途別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表70 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:ナビゲーション別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表71 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:通信別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表72 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:偵察機別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表73 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:天気予報別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表74 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:リモートセンシング別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表75 ヨーロッパの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:その他の用途別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表76 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:国別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表77 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:軌道別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表78 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:低軌道(LEO)別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表79 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:中軌道(MEO)別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表80 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:静止地球軌道(GEO)別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表81 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:ペイロード別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表82 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:200kg未満別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表83 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:200kg以上500kg未満別 (2022-2030年) ($MN)
表84 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:500kg超別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表85 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:サイズタイプ別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表86 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:マイクロサイズ別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表87 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:小型(2022-2030年)別 ($MN)
表88 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:中型(2022-2030年)別 ($MN)
表89 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:大型(2022-2030年)別 ($MN)
表90 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:ロケットサイズ別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表91 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:重量物ロケット別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表92 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:中型ロケット別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表93 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:小型リフトロケット別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表94 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:用途別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表95 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:ナビゲーション別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表96 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:通信別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表97 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:偵察機別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表98 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:天気予報別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表99 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:リモートセンシング別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表100 アジア太平洋地域の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:その他の用途別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表101 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:国別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表102 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:軌道別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表103 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:低軌道(LEO)別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表104 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:中軌道(MEO)別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表105 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:静止地球軌道(GEO)別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表106 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:ペイロード別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表107 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:200kg未満別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表108 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:200kg以上500kg未満別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表109 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:500kg超別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表110 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:サイズタイプ別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表111 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:マイクロサイズ別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表112 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:小型(2022-2030年)別 ($MN)
表113 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:中型(2022-2030年)別 ($MN)
表114 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:大型(2022-2030年)別 ($MN)
表115 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:打上げロケットサイズ別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表116 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:大型ロケット別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表117 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:中型ロケット別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表118 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:小型ロケット別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表119 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:用途別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表120 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:ナビゲーション別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表121 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:通信別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表122 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:偵察機別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表123 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:天気予報別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表124 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:リモートセンシング別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表125 南米の商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:その他の用途別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表126 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:国別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表127 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:軌道別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表128 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:低軌道(LEO)別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表129 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:中軌道(MEO)別(2022~2030年) ($MN)
表130 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:静止地球軌道(GEO)別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表131 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:ペイロード別(2022~2030年) ($MN)
表132 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:200kg未満別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表133 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:200kg以上500kg未満別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表134 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:500kg超別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表135 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:サイズタイプ別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表136 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:マイクロサイズ別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表137 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:小型(2022-2030年)別 ($MN)
表138 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:中型(2022-2030年)別 ($MN)
表139 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:大型(2022-2030年)別 ($MN)
表140 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:ロケットサイズ別(2022-2030年) ($MN)
表141 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:重量物ロケット別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表142 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:中型ロケット別(2022~2030年) ($MN)
表143 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:小型リフトロケット別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表144 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:用途別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表145 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:ナビゲーション別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表146 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:通信別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表147 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:偵察機別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表148 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:天気予報別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表149 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:リモートセンシング別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
表150 中東・アフリカの商業衛星打上げサービス市場展望:その他の用途別 (2022-2030) ($MN)
Market Dynamics:
Driver:
Increased demand for satellite services
Increased demand for satellite in the industries such as telecommunications, Earth observation, and broadband expand, the requirement for new satellites to support communication, data transmission, and global connectivity grows. This surge in demand has led to large-scale satellite constellation projects, such as those for internet services, prompting launch service providers to enhance their capabilities. Consequently, increased satellite service demand fosters innovation, competition, and investment within the commercial launch sector, accelerating market growth.
Restraint:
Supply chain vulnerabilities
Supply chain vulnerabilities such as shortages of materials, logistical challenges, or geopolitical tensions, can lead to increased costs and prolonged timelines for satellite launches. This unpredictability may deter potential customers from committing to launch services, impacting overall demand. Additionally, delays in launches can affect satellite deployment schedules, resulting in lost revenue opportunities for both launch service providers and satellite operators, ultimately destabilizing the market.
Opportunity:
Partnerships and collaborations
Partnerships and collaborations play a crucial role, by joining forces with satellite manufacturers, technology firms, and research institutions, launch service providers can access advanced technologies, streamline operations, and enhance their service offerings. Collaborative ventures often lead to cost-sharing, reducing financial risks and enabling the development of new launch vehicles and services. Additionally, these partnerships can improve market reach, allowing companies to penetrate new geographic regions and customer segments, ultimately driving growth in the competitive satellite launch landscape.
Threat:
Technological obsolescence
Technological obsolescence occurs rapidly, companies must continuously innovate to remain competitive, leading to increased research and development costs. This pressure can strain smaller firms with limited resources, forcing them to rely on older technology that may not meet evolving industry standards. Additionally, customers are less inclined to invest in outdated systems, preferring the latest, most efficient launch solutions. This dynamic can stifle market growth and limit opportunities for companies unable to keep pace with technological advancements.
Covid-19 Impact
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the Commercial Satellite Launch Service market, causing delays in satellite launches and manufacturing due to supply chain disruptions and travel restrictions. Many launch schedules were postponed, leading to a backlog of projects. However, the pandemic also accelerated the demand for satellite-based services, such as communication and remote sensing, as businesses and governments sought reliable connectivity and data access. As a result, the market is expected to rebound, with renewed interest in satellite applications post-pandemic.
The micro segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period
The micro segment is estimated to have a lucrative growth, due to cost-effective satellites designed for specific applications, such as Earth observation, communication, and scientific research. These micro-satellites, typically weighing less than 100 kg, require specialized launch services tailored to their size and payload capacity. The rise of innovative launch vehicles, such as small satellite rockets and rideshare missions, facilitates the deployment of multiple micro-satellites in a single launch. This trend lowers launch costs and increases frequency, making satellite access more feasible for start-ups and research organizations, thus expanding the overall market.
The remote sensing segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period
The remote sensing segment is anticipated to witness the highest CAGR growth during the forecast period, by driving demand for satellites that collect and analyze Earth data. Industries such as agriculture, environmental monitoring and disaster management rely on remote sensing technology to gather valuable insights. Moreover, the demand for sophisticated remote sensing satellites rises as governments and corporate enterprises look to improve their capacity for data-driven and decision-making, which supports launch services. Furthermore, advancements in sensor technology and miniaturization of satellites allow for more frequent launches, expanding opportunities for commercial satellite launch providers to meet this growing demand.
Region with largest share:
The Asia Pacific region is expected to hold the largest share of the market during the forecast period due to increased investments in space exploration and satellite technology. Countries like China, India, and Japan are expanding their launch capabilities, with ambitious plans for satellite constellations and interplanetary missions. The region is also witnessing a surge in demand for satellite-based services, including communications, Earth observation, and remote sensing. Additionally, collaborations between governments and private companies are enhancing launch service availability, positioning Asia-Pacific as a key player in the global satellite launch market.
Region with highest CAGR:
The North America region is expected to grow at the highest CAGR over the forecast period, driven by a robust aerospace industry and significant investments in space exploration. The region is home to key players like SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Northrop Grumman, which are innovating with reusable launch vehicles and advanced technologies. The growing demand for satellite services in telecommunications, Earth observation, and scientific research further propels market growth. Additionally, government initiatives, such as NASA’s partnerships with commercial providers, are fostering a supportive environment for expansion and collaboration in the space sector.
Key players in the market
Some of the key players profiled in the Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market include SpaceX (Space Exploration Technologies Corp.), Arianespace SA, Blue Origin, LLC, United Launch Alliance (ULA), Rocket Lab USA, Inc., Northrop Grumman Corporation, Virgin Orbit, Lockheed Martin Corporation, Boeing Defense, Space & Security, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC), Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Eurockot Launch Services GmbH, Sierra Nevada Corporation, Roscosmos, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Firefly Aerospace, Inc., NorthStar Earth & Space, Avio S.p.A. and OneWeb Satellites.
Key Developments:
In April 2024, Lockheed Martin announced a partnership with Northrop Grumman to develop advanced sensor systems for military applications, enhancing capabilities for both companies in defense technology. This collaboration aims to leverage both companies' strengths in defense technology to enhance the capabilities and effectiveness of modern military operations.
In January 2024, Lockheed Martin completed the acquisition of Aerojet Rocketdyne, a significant move to enhance its capabilities in propulsion systems for defense and space applications. The acquisition is poised to drive innovation within Lockheed Martin's existing product lines while also opening new avenues for collaboration with government agencies and commercial partners in the space sector.
In April 2023, Northrop Grumman partnered with NASA to develop advanced technologies for lunar lander systems as part of the Artemis program, focusing on sustainable human exploration of the Moon. Through this collaboration, Northrop Grumman and NASA are positioning themselves at the forefront of space exploration technology, working together to create systems that will enable humanity to explore the Moon sustainably.
Orbits Covered:
• Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
• Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
• Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)
Payloads Covered:
• Below 200 kg
• Between 200 kg to 500 kg
• Above 500 kg
Size Types Covered:
• Micro
• Small
• Medium
• Large
Launch Vehicle Sizes Covered:
• Heavy-lift launch vehicles
• Medium-lift launch vehicles
• Small-lift launch vehicles
Applications Covered:
• Navigation
• Communication
• Reconnaissance
• Weather Forecasting
• Remote Sensing
• Other Applications
Regions Covered:
• North America
US
Canada
Mexico
• Europe
Germany
UK
Italy
France
Spain
Rest of Europe
• Asia Pacific
Japan
China
India
Australia
New Zealand
South Korea
Rest of Asia Pacific
• South America
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Qatar
South Africa
Rest of Middle East & Africa
What our report offers:
- Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
- Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
- Covers Market data for the years 2022, 2023, 2024, 2026, and 2030
- Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
- Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
- Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
- Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
- Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements
1 Executive Summary
2 Preface
2.1 Abstract
2.2 Stake Holders
2.3 Research Scope
2.4 Research Methodology
2.4.1 Data Mining
2.4.2 Data Analysis
2.4.3 Data Validation
2.4.4 Research Approach
2.5 Research Sources
2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
2.5.3 Assumptions
3 Market Trend Analysis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Drivers
3.3 Restraints
3.4 Opportunities
3.5 Threats
3.6 Application Analysis
3.7 Emerging Markets
3.8 Impact of Covid-19
4 Porters Five Force Analysis
4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
4.3 Threat of substitutes
4.4 Threat of new entrants
4.5 Competitive rivalry
5 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market, By Orbit
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
5.3 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
5.4 Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)
6 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market, By Payload
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Below 200 kg
6.3 Between 200 kg to 500 kg
6.4 Above 500 kg
7 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market, By Size Type
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Micro
7.3 Small
7.4 Medium
7.5 Large
8 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market, By Launch Vehicle Size
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Heavy-lift launch vehicles
8.3 Medium-lift launch vehicles
8.4 Small-lift launch vehicles
9 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market, By Application
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Navigation
9.3 Communication
9.4 Reconnaissance
9.5 Weather Forecasting
9.6 Remote Sensing
9.7 Other Applications
10 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market, By Geography
10.1 Introduction
10.2 North America
10.2.1 US
10.2.2 Canada
10.2.3 Mexico
10.3 Europe
10.3.1 Germany
10.3.2 UK
10.3.3 Italy
10.3.4 France
10.3.5 Spain
10.3.6 Rest of Europe
10.4 Asia Pacific
10.4.1 Japan
10.4.2 China
10.4.3 India
10.4.4 Australia
10.4.5 New Zealand
10.4.6 South Korea
10.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
10.5 South America
10.5.1 Argentina
10.5.2 Brazil
10.5.3 Chile
10.5.4 Rest of South America
10.6 Middle East & Africa
10.6.1 Saudi Arabia
10.6.2 UAE
10.6.3 Qatar
10.6.4 South Africa
10.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa
11 Key Developments
11.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
11.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
11.3 New Product Launch
11.4 Expansions
11.5 Other Key Strategies
12 Company Profiling
12.1 SpaceX (Space Exploration Technologies Corp.)
12.2 Arianespace SA
12.3 Blue Origin, LLC
12.4 United Launch Alliance (ULA)
12.5 Rocket Lab USA, Inc.
12.6 Northrop Grumman Corporation
12.7 Virgin Orbit
12.8 Lockheed Martin Corporation
12.9 Boeing Defense, Space & Security
12.10 China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC)
12.11 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
12.12 ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation)
12.13 Eurockot Launch Services GmbH
12.14 Sierra Nevada Corporation
12.15 Roscosmos (Russian Federal Space Agency)
12.16 Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI)
12.17 Firefly Aerospace, Inc.
12.18 NorthStar Earth & Space
12.19 Avio S.p.A. (Italy)
12.20 OneWeb Satellites (Airbus Group)
List of Tables
Table 1 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Region (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 2 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Orbit (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 3 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Low Earth Orbit (LEO) (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 4 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 5 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 6 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Payload (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 7 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Below 200 kg (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 8 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Between 200 kg to 500 kg (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 9 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Above 500 kg (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 10 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Size Type (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 11 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Micro (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 12 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Small (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 13 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Medium (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 14 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Large (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 15 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Launch Vehicle Size (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 16 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Heavy-lift launch vehicles (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 17 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Medium-lift launch vehicles (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 18 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Small-lift launch vehicles (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 19 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Application (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 20 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Navigation (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 21 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Communication (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 22 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Reconnaissance (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 23 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Weather Forecasting (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 24 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Remote Sensing (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 25 Global Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 26 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Country (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 27 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Orbit (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 28 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Low Earth Orbit (LEO) (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 29 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 30 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 31 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Payload (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 32 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Below 200 kg (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 33 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Between 200 kg to 500 kg (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 34 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Above 500 kg (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 35 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Size Type (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 36 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Micro (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 37 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Small (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 38 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Medium (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 39 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Large (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 40 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Launch Vehicle Size (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 41 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Heavy-lift launch vehicles (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 42 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Medium-lift launch vehicles (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 43 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Small-lift launch vehicles (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 44 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Application (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 45 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Navigation (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 46 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Communication (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 47 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Reconnaissance (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 48 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Weather Forecasting (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 49 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Remote Sensing (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 50 North America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 51 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Country (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 52 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Orbit (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 53 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Low Earth Orbit (LEO) (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 54 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 55 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 56 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Payload (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 57 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Below 200 kg (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 58 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Between 200 kg to 500 kg (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 59 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Above 500 kg (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 60 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Size Type (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 61 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Micro (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 62 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Small (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 63 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Medium (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 64 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Large (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 65 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Launch Vehicle Size (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 66 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Heavy-lift launch vehicles (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 67 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Medium-lift launch vehicles (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 68 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Small-lift launch vehicles (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 69 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Application (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 70 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Navigation (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 71 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Communication (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 72 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Reconnaissance (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 73 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Weather Forecasting (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 74 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Remote Sensing (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 75 Europe Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 76 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Country (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 77 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Orbit (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 78 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Low Earth Orbit (LEO) (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 79 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 80 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 81 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Payload (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 82 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Below 200 kg (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 83 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Between 200 kg to 500 kg (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 84 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Above 500 kg (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 85 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Size Type (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 86 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Micro (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 87 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Small (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 88 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Medium (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 89 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Large (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 90 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Launch Vehicle Size (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 91 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Heavy-lift launch vehicles (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 92 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Medium-lift launch vehicles (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 93 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Small-lift launch vehicles (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 94 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Application (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 95 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Navigation (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 96 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Communication (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 97 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Reconnaissance (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 98 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Weather Forecasting (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 99 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Remote Sensing (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 100 Asia Pacific Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 101 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Country (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 102 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Orbit (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 103 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Low Earth Orbit (LEO) (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 104 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 105 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 106 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Payload (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 107 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Below 200 kg (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 108 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Between 200 kg to 500 kg (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 109 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Above 500 kg (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 110 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Size Type (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 111 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Micro (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 112 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Small (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 113 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Medium (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 114 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Large (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 115 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Launch Vehicle Size (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 116 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Heavy-lift launch vehicles (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 117 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Medium-lift launch vehicles (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 118 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Small-lift launch vehicles (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 119 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Application (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 120 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Navigation (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 121 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Communication (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 122 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Reconnaissance (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 123 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Weather Forecasting (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 124 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Remote Sensing (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 125 South America Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 126 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Country (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 127 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Orbit (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 128 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Low Earth Orbit (LEO) (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 129 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 130 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 131 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Payload (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 132 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Below 200 kg (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 133 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Between 200 kg to 500 kg (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 134 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Above 500 kg (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 135 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Size Type (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 136 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Micro (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 137 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Small (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 138 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Medium (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 139 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Large (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 140 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Launch Vehicle Size (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 141 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Heavy-lift launch vehicles (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 142 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Medium-lift launch vehicles (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 143 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Small-lift launch vehicles (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 144 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Application (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 145 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Navigation (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 146 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Communication (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 147 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Reconnaissance (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 148 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Weather Forecasting (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 149 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Remote Sensing (2022-2030) ($MN)
Table 150 Middle East & Africa Commercial Satellite Launch Service Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2022-2030) ($MN)